Smoking habits in parents can remotely effect the health of their children who might suffer from respiratory problems later in their life, a study has said.
Children who do not show any signs of respiratory problems may still be experiencing damaging changes in their breathing process that could lead to lung disease later in life, according to a new study presented at the American Thoracic Society 2007 International Conference on Sunday.
Everyone knows that children whose parents smoke have more respiratory problems — more puffing, wheezing, cases of pneumonia — but until now we haven’t known if lung function is impaired in the children who don’t have any respiratory complaints or diagnosed lung problems,” researcher Bert Arets of University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands said.
The study included 244 children from the age of 4 to 12 and without any history of lung or respiratory disease. They were divided into four groups according to the smoking pattern of their parents: persons who have never smoked, smoking after birth but not during pregnancy, during pregnancy but not after birth, and both before and after birth.
The researchers found that children of parents who smoke had significantly reduced lung function similar to that seen in smokers. Smoking after birth appeared to be more harmful than smoking during pregnancy.
The researchers have now expanded their study to include 2,000 healthy children of the parents who smoke. Earlier, a Dutch study pointed that exposure to second hand smoke is harmful for underweight babies.
Full-term babies with a low birth weight (5.5 pounds) have a significantly increased risk of developing respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing and pulmonary infections up to age of five. The risk is greater if these children are exposed to second hand smoke.
The association between birth weight and respiratory symptoms decreased after age five and was not significant by age seven, the researchers found.
Analyzing data on more than 3,600 babies, the researchers found that during the first seven years of life, almost 39% of them had at least one wheezing episode, close to 52% had cough at night and more than 37% had a lower respiratory infection.
Apart from that, a Finnish study says persistent smokers may have higher risk of becoming depressed in comparison to non smokers. Smokers who quit have an elevated risk of depressive symptoms in short run. However, in long run this risk declines to the level of never smokers. Both completely smoke-free life style and successful smoking cessation seem to protect from depressive symptoms.
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Tuesday, May 29, 2007
Sunday, May 27, 2007
Skimmed milk, straight from cow
Scientists have bred cows that produce skimmed milk and hope to establish herds of the cattle in order to meet the demands of health-conscious consumers.
The milk is also high in omega-3 oils, claimed to improve brain power, and contains polyunsaturated fat. The saturated fats found in normal milk are linked to increased risk of heart disease. The cows, which have a particular genetic mutation, were bred from a single female discovered by researchers when they screened milk from millions of cattle in New Zealand.
Butter from these cows has the extra advantage of being spreadable straight from the fridge, like margarine.
Scientists at ViaLactia, the Auckland-based biotech firm behind the £55 million research, have named the cow Marge. Russell Snell, ViaLactia’s chief scientist, said: “Marge looks like an ordinary Friesian cow but has three key differences. She produces a normal level of protein in her milk but substantially less fat, and the fat she does produce has much more unsaturated fat. She also produces milk with very high levels of omega-3 oils.” Marge was discovered in 2001 when ViaLactia’s researchers bought her from her owner for £120 and moved her to a secret location. read more....
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The milk is also high in omega-3 oils, claimed to improve brain power, and contains polyunsaturated fat. The saturated fats found in normal milk are linked to increased risk of heart disease. The cows, which have a particular genetic mutation, were bred from a single female discovered by researchers when they screened milk from millions of cattle in New Zealand.
Butter from these cows has the extra advantage of being spreadable straight from the fridge, like margarine.
Scientists at ViaLactia, the Auckland-based biotech firm behind the £55 million research, have named the cow Marge. Russell Snell, ViaLactia’s chief scientist, said: “Marge looks like an ordinary Friesian cow but has three key differences. She produces a normal level of protein in her milk but substantially less fat, and the fat she does produce has much more unsaturated fat. She also produces milk with very high levels of omega-3 oils.” Marge was discovered in 2001 when ViaLactia’s researchers bought her from her owner for £120 and moved her to a secret location. read more....
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Thursday, May 24, 2007
Virtual human puts docs inside patients
CANADIAN RESEARCHERS have developed the most detailed model of a human yet, a movable 4-D image that doctors can use to plan complex surgery or show patients what ailments look like inside their bodies.
Called CAVEman, the largerthan-life computer image encompasses more than 3,000 distinct body parts, all viewed in a booth that gives the image height, width and depth.
CAVEman also plots the passage of time - the fourth D.
Scientists can layer on the unique visuals of patients, such as magnetic resonance images, CAT scans and X-Rays, giving physicians high-resolution views of the inner workings of the body while it appears to float within arm's reach.
It will help researchers study the genetics of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, muscular sclerosis and Alzheimer's, said officials at the University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, which has worked on the system for six years.
CAVEman is an offshoot of a 3-D virtual reality ‘Cave', a $5.5 million lab the Sun Center opened in 2002 in conjunction with Sun Microsystems Inc.
CAVEman, seen through 3-D glasses in a booth, appears to stand in front of the viewer. As in a video game, the controller can manipulate it and focus on body parts - skin, bones, muscles, organs and veins.
The closer the image gets, the further into the body the viewer appears to travel. It is difficult to resist trying to touch it. The image can also be loaded on to regular computers, to be viewed off site.
The medical community will benefit by being able to merge patients' diagnostic results in one place, allowing specialists to work together more closely.
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Called CAVEman, the largerthan-life computer image encompasses more than 3,000 distinct body parts, all viewed in a booth that gives the image height, width and depth.
CAVEman also plots the passage of time - the fourth D.
Scientists can layer on the unique visuals of patients, such as magnetic resonance images, CAT scans and X-Rays, giving physicians high-resolution views of the inner workings of the body while it appears to float within arm's reach.
It will help researchers study the genetics of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, muscular sclerosis and Alzheimer's, said officials at the University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, which has worked on the system for six years.
CAVEman is an offshoot of a 3-D virtual reality ‘Cave', a $5.5 million lab the Sun Center opened in 2002 in conjunction with Sun Microsystems Inc.
CAVEman, seen through 3-D glasses in a booth, appears to stand in front of the viewer. As in a video game, the controller can manipulate it and focus on body parts - skin, bones, muscles, organs and veins.
The closer the image gets, the further into the body the viewer appears to travel. It is difficult to resist trying to touch it. The image can also be loaded on to regular computers, to be viewed off site.
The medical community will benefit by being able to merge patients' diagnostic results in one place, allowing specialists to work together more closely.
Find more about Virtual human docs visit www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
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Friday, May 18, 2007
The knowledge of Genetics
Genetics is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. Knowledge that desired characteristics were inherited has been implicitly used since prehistoric times for improving crop plants and animals through selective breeding. However, the modern science of genetics, which seeks to understand the mechanisms of inheritance, only began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-1800s.
The genetic information of cellular organisms is contained within the chemical structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules. Individually inherited traits, corresponding to regions in the DNA sequence, are called genes. Genes encode the information necessary for synthesizing proteins — complex molecules generally responsible for enzymatic reactions, synthesis, communication and structure within a cell. DNA sequence is transcribed into an intermediate RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecule, "messenger RNA", and ribosomes translate this sequence to form a chain of amino acids, thereby creating a protein molecule. It is through their proteins that most genes have a biological effect.
Genetic technologies
A variety of techniques exist for manipulating DNA in the laboratory. Restriction enzymes are a commonly used enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences, producing predictable fragments of DNA. The use of ligation enzymes allows these fragments to be stitched back together, and by ligating fragments of DNA together from different sources, researchers can recombinant DNA. Often associated with genetically modified organisms, recombinant DNA is commonly used in the context of plasmids — short circular DNA fragments with a few genes on them. By inserting plasmids into bacteria and growing those bacteria on plates of agar (to isolate clones of bacteria cells), researchers can clonally amplify the inserted fragment of DNA. read more…..
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The genetic information of cellular organisms is contained within the chemical structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules. Individually inherited traits, corresponding to regions in the DNA sequence, are called genes. Genes encode the information necessary for synthesizing proteins — complex molecules generally responsible for enzymatic reactions, synthesis, communication and structure within a cell. DNA sequence is transcribed into an intermediate RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecule, "messenger RNA", and ribosomes translate this sequence to form a chain of amino acids, thereby creating a protein molecule. It is through their proteins that most genes have a biological effect.
Genetic technologies
A variety of techniques exist for manipulating DNA in the laboratory. Restriction enzymes are a commonly used enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences, producing predictable fragments of DNA. The use of ligation enzymes allows these fragments to be stitched back together, and by ligating fragments of DNA together from different sources, researchers can recombinant DNA. Often associated with genetically modified organisms, recombinant DNA is commonly used in the context of plasmids — short circular DNA fragments with a few genes on them. By inserting plasmids into bacteria and growing those bacteria on plates of agar (to isolate clones of bacteria cells), researchers can clonally amplify the inserted fragment of DNA. read more…..
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Thursday, May 10, 2007
How to care Oily skin
Oily skin is caused by over-active glands, which produce a substance called Asebum, a naturally healthy skin lubricant. When the skin produces too much sebum, it becomes thick and heavy in texture. Oily skin is characterized by shininess, pimples and blemishes.
Causes of Oily Skin
Heredity
Diet
Hormone levels
Pregnancy
Birth control pills
Cosmetics you use
Humidity and hot weather
The successful treatment of oily skin requires patience, since excessive oil production is a symptom of an internal problem. Therefore, a holistic approach is necessary. Results may be slow, and in extreme cases the client should be referred to a health professional. Although oiliness may not be completely eliminated, the condition can be improved and acne lesions avoided. This goal, together with making the skin look more attractive, should be the esthetician's objective. read more…
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Causes of Oily Skin
Heredity
Diet
Hormone levels
Pregnancy
Birth control pills
Cosmetics you use
Humidity and hot weather
The successful treatment of oily skin requires patience, since excessive oil production is a symptom of an internal problem. Therefore, a holistic approach is necessary. Results may be slow, and in extreme cases the client should be referred to a health professional. Although oiliness may not be completely eliminated, the condition can be improved and acne lesions avoided. This goal, together with making the skin look more attractive, should be the esthetician's objective. read more…
Find more about How to care Oily skin visit www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
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Wednesday, May 02, 2007
Yoga boosts immunity against cancer
IN BREAST cancer survivors, the Iyengar method of yoga not only promotes psychological well-being, but seems to offer immune system benefits as well, according to research reported at the American Physiological Society meeting in Washington, DC. The Iyengar method, created by B K S Iyengar, “is considered to be one of the more active forms of yoga,” lead researcher and presenter Pamela E. Schultz from Washington State University, Spokane, said on Monday .
“It still has the meditative component, but it’s been shown to have a physical output equivalent to a moderate-intensity exercise,” she explained.
Schultz and colleagues randomly assigned 10 breast cancer survivors to eight weeks of Iyengar yoga (two classes and a solo session at home per week) and nine to a wait-list control group. The women had an average age of 61 years, were about four years out from initial cancer diagnosis and were being treated with hormone therapy None of the women had any prior experience with Iyengar yoga.
Psychosocial tests showed that the “demands of illness,” which reflects the burden of hardship of being a breast cancer survivor, fell in the yoga participants.
“Psychosocial variables indicated improved quality of life with Iyengar yoga,” Schultz said.
Importantly, these improvements correlated with decreased activation of an important immune system protein called NF-kB, which is a marker of stress in the body.
“So it’s possible,” Schultz said, “that decreased activation of NF-kB indicates decreased stress in the body, which would be a positive thing. NF-kB can be activated by any type of stress in the body, like physical stress and mental stress.” Schultz plans to continue her research by looking at different immune system proteins to see if they too show changes for the better, “which would confirm immune and psychosocial benefits of Iyen gar yoga”.
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“It still has the meditative component, but it’s been shown to have a physical output equivalent to a moderate-intensity exercise,” she explained.
Schultz and colleagues randomly assigned 10 breast cancer survivors to eight weeks of Iyengar yoga (two classes and a solo session at home per week) and nine to a wait-list control group. The women had an average age of 61 years, were about four years out from initial cancer diagnosis and were being treated with hormone therapy None of the women had any prior experience with Iyengar yoga.
Psychosocial tests showed that the “demands of illness,” which reflects the burden of hardship of being a breast cancer survivor, fell in the yoga participants.
“Psychosocial variables indicated improved quality of life with Iyengar yoga,” Schultz said.
Importantly, these improvements correlated with decreased activation of an important immune system protein called NF-kB, which is a marker of stress in the body.
“So it’s possible,” Schultz said, “that decreased activation of NF-kB indicates decreased stress in the body, which would be a positive thing. NF-kB can be activated by any type of stress in the body, like physical stress and mental stress.” Schultz plans to continue her research by looking at different immune system proteins to see if they too show changes for the better, “which would confirm immune and psychosocial benefits of Iyen gar yoga”.
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Monday, April 23, 2007
You can do it, ten minutes of exercise a day
The word "fitness," and most people imagine demanding, time-consuming routines that seem incompatible with busy lives.
No wonder that nearly 60 percent of Americans fall short of the recommended daily activity levels, according to the latest government figures. As the late comedian Joey Adams once quipped: "If it weren't for the fact that the TV set and the refrigerator are so far apart, some of us wouldn't get any exercise at all."
The problem is that we are built to move. So the hours spent sitting in front of computers, watching television and stuck in traffic can take a toll not just on our waistlines but also on our backs, our hearts, our brains and our life expectancy.
You may not always be able to control how long you sit, but the posture you adopt in those sedentary moments can make a difference, as you can see in the graphic above.
Part of being fit is how you sit. A few simple adjustments can pay off. Strengthen the core muscles of your trunk, and you can help take the strain off your back. That may enable you to use your body better during active times.
The idea that activity is tied to good health is not new. Plato observed that inactivity "destroys the good condition of every human being, while movement and methodical physical exercise save it and preserve it."
In Victorian times, Edward Stanley, who served three terms as British prime minister, noted that "those who think they have not time for bodily exercise will sooner or later have to find time for illness." read more….
For more details on Exercise visit www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
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No wonder that nearly 60 percent of Americans fall short of the recommended daily activity levels, according to the latest government figures. As the late comedian Joey Adams once quipped: "If it weren't for the fact that the TV set and the refrigerator are so far apart, some of us wouldn't get any exercise at all."
The problem is that we are built to move. So the hours spent sitting in front of computers, watching television and stuck in traffic can take a toll not just on our waistlines but also on our backs, our hearts, our brains and our life expectancy.
You may not always be able to control how long you sit, but the posture you adopt in those sedentary moments can make a difference, as you can see in the graphic above.
Part of being fit is how you sit. A few simple adjustments can pay off. Strengthen the core muscles of your trunk, and you can help take the strain off your back. That may enable you to use your body better during active times.
The idea that activity is tied to good health is not new. Plato observed that inactivity "destroys the good condition of every human being, while movement and methodical physical exercise save it and preserve it."
In Victorian times, Edward Stanley, who served three terms as British prime minister, noted that "those who think they have not time for bodily exercise will sooner or later have to find time for illness." read more….
For more details on Exercise visit www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
For more information on books visit www.Lookbookstores.com
Monday, March 26, 2007
Stem Cells
Stem cells are primal cells common to all multi-cellular organisms that retain the ability to renew themselves through cell division and can differentiate into a wide range of specialized cell types. Research in the human stem cell field grew out of findings by Canadian scientists Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till in the 1960s.
A stem cell is a primitive type of cell that can be coaxed into developing into most of the 220 types of cells found in the human body (e.g. blood cells, heart cells, brain cells, etc). Some researchers regard them as offering the greatest potential for the alleviation of human suffering since the development of antibiotics. Over 100 million Americans and two billion other humans worldwide suffer from diseases that may eventually be treated more effectively with stem cells or even cured. These include heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. read more…….
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A stem cell is a primitive type of cell that can be coaxed into developing into most of the 220 types of cells found in the human body (e.g. blood cells, heart cells, brain cells, etc). Some researchers regard them as offering the greatest potential for the alleviation of human suffering since the development of antibiotics. Over 100 million Americans and two billion other humans worldwide suffer from diseases that may eventually be treated more effectively with stem cells or even cured. These include heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. read more…….
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Friday, March 16, 2007
Skin Care and skin treatment
In zootomy and dermatology, skin is an organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial tissues that guard underlying muscles and organs. As the interface with the surroundings, it plays the most important role in protecting against pathogens. Its other main functions are insulation and temperature regulation, sensation and vitamin D and B synthesis. Skin is considered one of the most important parts of the body.
Many problems with a skin grow out stress. When you are nervous, sleep less, often forget to look after yourself, neglecting habitual cosmetic procedures, and drink not enough liquid which is necessary that the skin remained soft and smooth. The some people start to be scratched or touch the face more often. It increases probability of hit by it of pathogenic bacteria and serves as the reason of occurrence of "troubles". read more….
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Many problems with a skin grow out stress. When you are nervous, sleep less, often forget to look after yourself, neglecting habitual cosmetic procedures, and drink not enough liquid which is necessary that the skin remained soft and smooth. The some people start to be scratched or touch the face more often. It increases probability of hit by it of pathogenic bacteria and serves as the reason of occurrence of "troubles". read more….
Find more about Skin Care visit www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
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Thursday, March 08, 2007
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms. All living things contain DNA genomes. A possible exception is a group of viruses that have RNA genomes, but viruses are not normally considered living organisms. The main role of DNA in the cell is the long-term storage of information. The genome is often compared to a set of blueprints, since it contains the instructions to construct other components of the cell, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the expression of genetic information.
In eukaryotes such as animals and plants, DNA is stored inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes such as bacteria, the DNA is in the cell's cytoplasm. Unlike enzymes, DNA does not participate directly in most of the biochemical reactions it controls; rather, various enzymes act on DNA and copy its information into either more DNA, in DNA replication, or transcribe and translate it into protein. In chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA, which helps control its interactions with other proteins in the nucleus. read more ……
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In eukaryotes such as animals and plants, DNA is stored inside the cell nucleus, while in prokaryotes such as bacteria, the DNA is in the cell's cytoplasm. Unlike enzymes, DNA does not participate directly in most of the biochemical reactions it controls; rather, various enzymes act on DNA and copy its information into either more DNA, in DNA replication, or transcribe and translate it into protein. In chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA, which helps control its interactions with other proteins in the nucleus. read more ……
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Thursday, January 11, 2007
Care and Feeding of your Brain
Like every other part of your body, you brain needs regular exercise to stay healthy. Experience can modify brain structure at every stage of life. Challenging activities can cause new brain cells to grow or make existing brain cells form new connections, which helps the brain to function better. "Choose something appealing and challenging".
Growth of Brain:
So the brain is boss, but it can't do it alone. It needs some nerves - actually a lot of them. And it needs the spinal cord, which is a long bundle of nerves inside your spinal column, the vertebrae that protect it. It's the spinal cord and nerves - known as the nervous system - that let messages flow back and forth between the brain and body.
• When you were born, your brain came with all the neurons it will ever have, but many of them were not connected to each other. When you learn things, the messages travel from one neuron to another, over and over. Eventually, the brain starts to create connections between the neurons, so things become easier and you can do them better and better.
• Chronic stress damages your immune system and makes your body less able to fight disease. It also releases hormones that can be beneficial in the short term but damage your brain if they are constantly present. So take a deep breath, relax, and find some permanent ways to simplify your life. You can further boost your immune system and your mental health by becoming good at something. "Older persons who pursue activities in which they experience a sense of control and mastery are healthier both physically and mentally than those who do not".
The Eight Pillars of Brain Health
• Safety
• Nutrition
• Exercise
• Mental Activity
• Sleep
• Stress
• Hormones
• Treatment of Existing Disease
Nourish your brain with a healthy diet
Like any high-performance machine, the brain needs top quality fuel:
• Your brain needs well-balanced, low cholesterol, low saturated diet.
• Timing is significant in nutrition. Studies have demonstrated the importance of a good breakfast.
• Protein and unsaturated fat is especially important for developing brains. Fish, a rich source of both, is sometimes called brain food.
• Your body converts long strings of amino acids in the protein you eat to individual amino acids that your brain converts to the specific proteins it needs.
• Your brain needs vitamins and minerals; they come from your diet.
• Research suggests anti-oxidant vitamins E and C protect the brain.
• Avoid excess food. Reducing calories can help slow age-related brain changes
• Enjoy caffeine and alcohol in moderation.
• As a general rule, good nutrition for the body is good nutrition for the brain.
For more details on Brain Care visit at www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
Find more information on Books at www.lookbookstores.com
Growth of Brain:
So the brain is boss, but it can't do it alone. It needs some nerves - actually a lot of them. And it needs the spinal cord, which is a long bundle of nerves inside your spinal column, the vertebrae that protect it. It's the spinal cord and nerves - known as the nervous system - that let messages flow back and forth between the brain and body.
• When you were born, your brain came with all the neurons it will ever have, but many of them were not connected to each other. When you learn things, the messages travel from one neuron to another, over and over. Eventually, the brain starts to create connections between the neurons, so things become easier and you can do them better and better.
• Chronic stress damages your immune system and makes your body less able to fight disease. It also releases hormones that can be beneficial in the short term but damage your brain if they are constantly present. So take a deep breath, relax, and find some permanent ways to simplify your life. You can further boost your immune system and your mental health by becoming good at something. "Older persons who pursue activities in which they experience a sense of control and mastery are healthier both physically and mentally than those who do not".
The Eight Pillars of Brain Health
• Safety
• Nutrition
• Exercise
• Mental Activity
• Sleep
• Stress
• Hormones
• Treatment of Existing Disease
Nourish your brain with a healthy diet
Like any high-performance machine, the brain needs top quality fuel:
• Your brain needs well-balanced, low cholesterol, low saturated diet.
• Timing is significant in nutrition. Studies have demonstrated the importance of a good breakfast.
• Protein and unsaturated fat is especially important for developing brains. Fish, a rich source of both, is sometimes called brain food.
• Your body converts long strings of amino acids in the protein you eat to individual amino acids that your brain converts to the specific proteins it needs.
• Your brain needs vitamins and minerals; they come from your diet.
• Research suggests anti-oxidant vitamins E and C protect the brain.
• Avoid excess food. Reducing calories can help slow age-related brain changes
• Enjoy caffeine and alcohol in moderation.
• As a general rule, good nutrition for the body is good nutrition for the brain.
For more details on Brain Care visit at www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
Find more information on Books at www.lookbookstores.com
Sunday, January 07, 2007
Breast Cancer Treatment
The mainstay of breast cancer treatment is surgery when the tumor is localized, with possible adjuvant hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy. At present, the treatment recommendations after surgery (adjuvant therapy) follow a pattern. Depending on clinical criteria (age, type of cancer, size, metastasis) patients are roughly divided to high risk and low risk cases which follow different rules for therapy. Treatment possibilities include Radiation Therapy, Chemotherapy, Hormone Therapy, and Immune Therapy.
Information on Breast Cancer Treatments
Surgery
Depending on the staging and type of the tumor, just a lumpectomy (removal of the lump only) may be all that is necessary or removal of larger amounts of breast tissue may be necessary. Surgical removal of the entire breast is called mastectomy. Standard practice requires that the surgeon must establish that the tissue removed in the operation has margins clear of cancer, indicating that the cancer has been completely excised. If the tissue removed does not have clear margins, then further operations to remove more tissue may be necessary. This may sometimes require removal of part of the pectoralis major muscle which is the main muscle of the anterior chest wall.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy can be given both before and after surgery. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is used to shrink the size of a tumor prior to surgery. Adjuvant chemotherapy is given after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence. Cancer cells usually grow more rapidly than normal cells, and chemotherapy drugs work against them by interfering with their growth and reproduction.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy consists of the use of high powered X-rays or gamma rays (XRT) that precisely target the area that is being treated. These X-rays or gamma rays are very effective in destroying the cancer cells that might recur where the tumor was removed. These X-rays are delivered by a machine called a linear Accelerator or LINAC. Alternatively, the use of implanted radioactive catheters, similar to those used in prostate cancer treatment, is being evaluated. The use of radiation therapy for breast cancer is usually given after surgery has been performed and is an essential component of breast conserving therapy. The purpose of radiation is to reduce the chance that the cancer will recur.
Hormonal Treatment
Hormonal therapy is a very effective treatment against breast cancer that is hormone-receptor-positive. Find out if you should be tested to see if you need other therapies, as well. Sometimes called "anti-estrogen therapy," hormonal therapy blocks the ability of the hormone estrogen to turn on and stimulate the growth of breast cancer cells. Tamoxifen is the drug most commonly used to block estrogen receptors on cancer cells, in effect, denying them the estrogen they need to grow and multiply.
Herceptin
Herceptin is the first humanized antibody approved for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Herceptin is designed to target and block the function of HER2 protein overexpression. Research has shown that HER2-positive breast cancer is a more aggressive disease with a greater likelihood of recurrence, a poorer prognosis, and a decreased chance of survival compared with HER2-negative breast cancer.
Comprehensive Breast Centers
Women with breast cancer increasingly are choosing to be treated at comprehensive breast centers that offer up-to-date treatments and the specialists that can provide them. Learn more information on breast cancer and the latest technologies.
For more details on Breast Cancer Treatment visit www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
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Information on Breast Cancer Treatments
Surgery
Depending on the staging and type of the tumor, just a lumpectomy (removal of the lump only) may be all that is necessary or removal of larger amounts of breast tissue may be necessary. Surgical removal of the entire breast is called mastectomy. Standard practice requires that the surgeon must establish that the tissue removed in the operation has margins clear of cancer, indicating that the cancer has been completely excised. If the tissue removed does not have clear margins, then further operations to remove more tissue may be necessary. This may sometimes require removal of part of the pectoralis major muscle which is the main muscle of the anterior chest wall.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy can be given both before and after surgery. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy is used to shrink the size of a tumor prior to surgery. Adjuvant chemotherapy is given after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence. Cancer cells usually grow more rapidly than normal cells, and chemotherapy drugs work against them by interfering with their growth and reproduction.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy consists of the use of high powered X-rays or gamma rays (XRT) that precisely target the area that is being treated. These X-rays or gamma rays are very effective in destroying the cancer cells that might recur where the tumor was removed. These X-rays are delivered by a machine called a linear Accelerator or LINAC. Alternatively, the use of implanted radioactive catheters, similar to those used in prostate cancer treatment, is being evaluated. The use of radiation therapy for breast cancer is usually given after surgery has been performed and is an essential component of breast conserving therapy. The purpose of radiation is to reduce the chance that the cancer will recur.
Hormonal Treatment
Hormonal therapy is a very effective treatment against breast cancer that is hormone-receptor-positive. Find out if you should be tested to see if you need other therapies, as well. Sometimes called "anti-estrogen therapy," hormonal therapy blocks the ability of the hormone estrogen to turn on and stimulate the growth of breast cancer cells. Tamoxifen is the drug most commonly used to block estrogen receptors on cancer cells, in effect, denying them the estrogen they need to grow and multiply.
Herceptin
Herceptin is the first humanized antibody approved for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Herceptin is designed to target and block the function of HER2 protein overexpression. Research has shown that HER2-positive breast cancer is a more aggressive disease with a greater likelihood of recurrence, a poorer prognosis, and a decreased chance of survival compared with HER2-negative breast cancer.
Comprehensive Breast Centers
Women with breast cancer increasingly are choosing to be treated at comprehensive breast centers that offer up-to-date treatments and the specialists that can provide them. Learn more information on breast cancer and the latest technologies.
For more details on Breast Cancer Treatment visit www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
Find more information on Books at www.lookbookstores.com
Friday, December 29, 2006
Personal Injury Rights
A personal injury occurs if you have suffered some form of injury, either physical or psychological, as the result of an accident, you have the right to compensation. The process of collecting that compensation, however, relies on a series of other rights.
What you should do first:
If you have been hurt, you will first need to deal with the pain, shock and distress you may be feeling. After that, you may want to think about claiming compensation and getting practical, personal or financial support to deal with the injury and its after-effects. Even if you have not yet decided whether to claim compensation, you should collect evidence about the accident. For example, if you were injured after tripping on a damaged paving stone, you could take photos of the paving stone. Write down details of the accident as soon as you can, while they are still fresh in your mind. If anyone saw what happened to you, get their name and address.
If you visit a doctor for treatment, ask them to record the fact that you had an accident. Their records will be evidence that your injuries were caused by the accident, which will be helpful if you later decide to make a claim. For injuries that you can see, photographs of the injury will also be helpful. Make sure you have a note of the date the photos were taken.
If your accident happened at work:
You should tell your employer about the accident straight away. By law, your employer must keep a record of most types of accident. If you are self-employed, you must record the accident yourself. You or your employer should also report the accident to the Health and Safety Executive or the local authority environmental health department, if this is necessary.
If you think your employer may not properly record the accident, write to them giving brief details of the accident, and keep a copy. You may be able to receive certain types of benefit after an accident at work. To claim them, you must fill in a form from your local Jobcentre Plus.
If your accident was a on the roads:
If you are hurt in a road accident, you must tell the police and, if your car was involved your insurance company. The insurance company may refuse to pay out if you do not report the accident.
If your accident was during medical treatment:
If you were injured when being treated, for example, by a doctor or in hospital, different rules apply.
Your Personal Injury Lawyer:
First and foremost, you have the right to hire the personal injury lawyer of your choosing. This includes the right NOT to deal directly with the other party insurance company. Many of your other rights are best protected by exercising this right wisely, since your attorney will be the primary champion of your rights. In choosing an attorney, you should seek someone who will:
Your Relationship with Your Personal Injury Lawyer:
You will have to work with and make decisions with your attorney as your case progresses. For instance, you will have to provide information to help your attorney prove liability in your case. You will have to make decisions about alternatives to litigation like mediation and binding arbitration.
In fact, your case may have a positive impact on society. Often litigation forces a manufacturer to remove a dangerous product from the market, or to make changes to increase the safety of the product. Landowners are encouraged to put up fencing or clean up hazardous areas when faced with litigation and news of that litigation impacts other manufacturers and landowners as well. Our legal system was designed to allow individuals like you to recover for your losses, and to hold companies even insurance companies accountable.
For more details on Personal Injury rights visit us at www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
For information on Books visit at: www.lookbookstores.com
What you should do first:
If you have been hurt, you will first need to deal with the pain, shock and distress you may be feeling. After that, you may want to think about claiming compensation and getting practical, personal or financial support to deal with the injury and its after-effects. Even if you have not yet decided whether to claim compensation, you should collect evidence about the accident. For example, if you were injured after tripping on a damaged paving stone, you could take photos of the paving stone. Write down details of the accident as soon as you can, while they are still fresh in your mind. If anyone saw what happened to you, get their name and address.
If you visit a doctor for treatment, ask them to record the fact that you had an accident. Their records will be evidence that your injuries were caused by the accident, which will be helpful if you later decide to make a claim. For injuries that you can see, photographs of the injury will also be helpful. Make sure you have a note of the date the photos were taken.
If your accident happened at work:
You should tell your employer about the accident straight away. By law, your employer must keep a record of most types of accident. If you are self-employed, you must record the accident yourself. You or your employer should also report the accident to the Health and Safety Executive or the local authority environmental health department, if this is necessary.
If you think your employer may not properly record the accident, write to them giving brief details of the accident, and keep a copy. You may be able to receive certain types of benefit after an accident at work. To claim them, you must fill in a form from your local Jobcentre Plus.
If your accident was a on the roads:
If you are hurt in a road accident, you must tell the police and, if your car was involved your insurance company. The insurance company may refuse to pay out if you do not report the accident.
If your accident was during medical treatment:
If you were injured when being treated, for example, by a doctor or in hospital, different rules apply.
Your Personal Injury Lawyer:
First and foremost, you have the right to hire the personal injury lawyer of your choosing. This includes the right NOT to deal directly with the other party insurance company. Many of your other rights are best protected by exercising this right wisely, since your attorney will be the primary champion of your rights. In choosing an attorney, you should seek someone who will:
Your Relationship with Your Personal Injury Lawyer:
You will have to work with and make decisions with your attorney as your case progresses. For instance, you will have to provide information to help your attorney prove liability in your case. You will have to make decisions about alternatives to litigation like mediation and binding arbitration.
In fact, your case may have a positive impact on society. Often litigation forces a manufacturer to remove a dangerous product from the market, or to make changes to increase the safety of the product. Landowners are encouraged to put up fencing or clean up hazardous areas when faced with litigation and news of that litigation impacts other manufacturers and landowners as well. Our legal system was designed to allow individuals like you to recover for your losses, and to hold companies even insurance companies accountable.
For more details on Personal Injury rights visit us at www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
For information on Books visit at: www.lookbookstores.com
Tuesday, December 26, 2006
Mesothelioma and its Treatment
Mesothelioma is a form of cancer that is almost always caused by previous exposure to asbestos. In this disease, malignant cells develop in the mesothelium, a protective lining that covers most of the body's internal organs. Its most common site is the pleura, but it may also occur in the peritoneum or the pericardium.
Mesothelioma is a disease that is almost 100% preventable; the only known cause is via exposure to the deadly mineral Asbestos. It comes from inhaling the particles of dust as the asbestos degrades; eating away at the lining of your lungs and developing into a deadly cancer. Dust that was inhaled in clouds of white powder, dust that was carried home on the clothes of the men who built this country, dust that was cleaned from the clothes by the wives and children who supported their sole provider at home, dust that was packed around the heating systems in houses and offices and schools, dust that carried a deadly price; and dust made a fortune in blood money for the companies that produced it.
The Different Types of Mesothelioma
A disease that has only started to come to light in recent years, mesothelioma is a cancer that normally presents itself in malignant form and results in tumours in and around vital organs of the body. The definition of the word mesothelioma is literally cancer of the mesothelium. The mesothelium is the sac that lines and protects vital organs such as the heart and the lungs, and this disease causes the cells of the lining to become abnormal and malignant.
The result of asbestos exposure, mesothelioma comes in three forms:
Pleural Mesothelioma:
The most common form of mesothelioma is pleural mesothelioma. This is where the cancer affects the lungs and the protective lining and cavity of the lungs. The symptoms of pleural mesothelioma result from pleural effusion, which is a build up of fluid between the lung lining and the chest cavity. Sufferers of pleural mesothelioma may experience some or all of the following symptoms: difficulty in breathing, difficulty in swallowing, shortness of breath, persistent coughing, weight loss, fever, coughing up of blood, and rasping.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma:
A rarer form of mesothelioma is peritoneal mesothelioma. This is where the cancer affects the stomach and abdomen. The cancer can start in the abdominal area and spread to other parts of the body, but the tumours that press against the wall of the abdomen can cause some or all of the following symptoms: abdominal pain, abdominal swelling, nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, breathing problems, chest pain, bowel obstruction, anaemia, fever, and blood clotting abnormalities.
Pericardial Mesothelioma:
The last and the rarest of the mesothelioma types is pericardial mesothelioma. This is where the cancer affects the heart and the cavity that surrounds the heart. The tumours affecting pericardial mesothelioma patients can cause some or all of these symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, trouble breathing, persistent coughing, and palpitations.
Treatment of Mesothelioma:
The most common treatments are:
Surgery
A surgical procedure, known as pneumonectomy, can be used for pleural mesothelioma and involves the removal of the diseased lung. An extra-pleural pneumonectomy may be necessary depending upon the spread of the disease, and this may involve the removal of parts of the diaphragm as well as the lung. There is a high risk factor with this surgery, and its viability is dependant upon the patient’s overall health, smoking habits and the extent of the asbestos exposure. A pleurectomy is another type of surgery that may be used, and here part of the chest, abdominal lining and surrounding tissue may be removed.
Radiation treatment
Radiation treatment, which gives the benefit of treating the affected area without exposing the healthy cells and tissue, is another treatment used to treat mesothelioma. This is a speedy and commonly used method for many types of cancer, as well as mesothelioma. It works through the placements of radioactive sources in the affected area, which then give out radiation to kill off the abnormal cells. The radiation continues to transmit for around a year, working to destroy the tumour. Radiation therapy can be used alongside surgery, or if the patient is not well enough for surgery can be used alone.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy treatments can be administered in the form of pills or injected medication. The downside of chemotherapy is that the drugs used can contain high toxicity levels and can therefore make patients quite ill. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, weight loss and physical fatigue. There are also a number of post-chemo drugs that are used to alleviate the side effects of the chemotherapy. Because chemotherapy drugs are not targeted towards a specific area, they are left to make their way through the body and find the affected area. This means that they are also able to affect tissue and cells that are unaffected by the disease, which can again cause side effects.
Palliative Therapies
Palliative Therapies may also be used on mesothelioma patients. These therapies entail draining excess fluid from the patient through the use of a needle and suction. To prevent further fluid accumulation drugs may be fed through a tube into the chest following the fluid drainage.
For more details on Mesothelioma visit us at www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
For details of Books visit: www.lookbookstores.com
Mesothelioma is a disease that is almost 100% preventable; the only known cause is via exposure to the deadly mineral Asbestos. It comes from inhaling the particles of dust as the asbestos degrades; eating away at the lining of your lungs and developing into a deadly cancer. Dust that was inhaled in clouds of white powder, dust that was carried home on the clothes of the men who built this country, dust that was cleaned from the clothes by the wives and children who supported their sole provider at home, dust that was packed around the heating systems in houses and offices and schools, dust that carried a deadly price; and dust made a fortune in blood money for the companies that produced it.
The Different Types of Mesothelioma
A disease that has only started to come to light in recent years, mesothelioma is a cancer that normally presents itself in malignant form and results in tumours in and around vital organs of the body. The definition of the word mesothelioma is literally cancer of the mesothelium. The mesothelium is the sac that lines and protects vital organs such as the heart and the lungs, and this disease causes the cells of the lining to become abnormal and malignant.
The result of asbestos exposure, mesothelioma comes in three forms:
Pleural Mesothelioma:
The most common form of mesothelioma is pleural mesothelioma. This is where the cancer affects the lungs and the protective lining and cavity of the lungs. The symptoms of pleural mesothelioma result from pleural effusion, which is a build up of fluid between the lung lining and the chest cavity. Sufferers of pleural mesothelioma may experience some or all of the following symptoms: difficulty in breathing, difficulty in swallowing, shortness of breath, persistent coughing, weight loss, fever, coughing up of blood, and rasping.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma:
A rarer form of mesothelioma is peritoneal mesothelioma. This is where the cancer affects the stomach and abdomen. The cancer can start in the abdominal area and spread to other parts of the body, but the tumours that press against the wall of the abdomen can cause some or all of the following symptoms: abdominal pain, abdominal swelling, nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, breathing problems, chest pain, bowel obstruction, anaemia, fever, and blood clotting abnormalities.
Pericardial Mesothelioma:
The last and the rarest of the mesothelioma types is pericardial mesothelioma. This is where the cancer affects the heart and the cavity that surrounds the heart. The tumours affecting pericardial mesothelioma patients can cause some or all of these symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, trouble breathing, persistent coughing, and palpitations.
Treatment of Mesothelioma:
The most common treatments are:
Surgery
A surgical procedure, known as pneumonectomy, can be used for pleural mesothelioma and involves the removal of the diseased lung. An extra-pleural pneumonectomy may be necessary depending upon the spread of the disease, and this may involve the removal of parts of the diaphragm as well as the lung. There is a high risk factor with this surgery, and its viability is dependant upon the patient’s overall health, smoking habits and the extent of the asbestos exposure. A pleurectomy is another type of surgery that may be used, and here part of the chest, abdominal lining and surrounding tissue may be removed.
Radiation treatment
Radiation treatment, which gives the benefit of treating the affected area without exposing the healthy cells and tissue, is another treatment used to treat mesothelioma. This is a speedy and commonly used method for many types of cancer, as well as mesothelioma. It works through the placements of radioactive sources in the affected area, which then give out radiation to kill off the abnormal cells. The radiation continues to transmit for around a year, working to destroy the tumour. Radiation therapy can be used alongside surgery, or if the patient is not well enough for surgery can be used alone.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy treatments can be administered in the form of pills or injected medication. The downside of chemotherapy is that the drugs used can contain high toxicity levels and can therefore make patients quite ill. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, weight loss and physical fatigue. There are also a number of post-chemo drugs that are used to alleviate the side effects of the chemotherapy. Because chemotherapy drugs are not targeted towards a specific area, they are left to make their way through the body and find the affected area. This means that they are also able to affect tissue and cells that are unaffected by the disease, which can again cause side effects.
Palliative Therapies
Palliative Therapies may also be used on mesothelioma patients. These therapies entail draining excess fluid from the patient through the use of a needle and suction. To prevent further fluid accumulation drugs may be fed through a tube into the chest following the fluid drainage.
For more details on Mesothelioma visit us at www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
For details of Books visit: www.lookbookstores.com
Friday, December 22, 2006
Various forms of Influenza Viruses
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). In people, common symptoms are fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, and weakness and fatigue. In more serious cases, influenza causes pneumonia, which can be fatal particularly in young children and the elderly. Sometimes confused with the common cold, influenza is a much more severe disease and caused by a different type of virus. Similarly, the unrelated gastroenteritis is sometimes called "stomach flu" or "24-hour flu".
Types of influenza virus
The influenza virus is an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, which comprises the influenzaviruses, Isavirus and Thogotovirus. There are three types of influenza virus: Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B or Influenzavirus C. Influenza A and C infect multiple species, while influenza B almost exclusively infects humans.
The type A viruses are the most virulent human pathogens among the three influenza types and cause the most severe disease. The Influenza A virus can be subdivided into different serotypes based on the antibody response to these viruses.
Influenza B virus is almost exclusively a human pathogen, and is less common than influenza A. The only other animal known to be susceptible to influenza B infection is the seal. This type of influenza mutates at a rate 2-3 times lower than type A and consequently is less genetically diverse, with only one influenza B serotype. As a result of this lack of antigenic diversity, a degree of immunity to influenza B is usually acquired at an early age.
The influenza C virus infects humans and pigs, and can cause severe illness and local epidemics. However, influenza C is less common than the other types and usually seems to cause mild disease in children.
PATHOGENESIS AND DISEASE
Spread
The virus is spread person to person via small particle aerosols (less than 10μm diameter) that can get into respiratory tract. It can also survive for a short time on surfaces and can be spread by this route if the virus is introduced into the nasal mucosa before it loses infectivity. The incubation period is short, about 18 to 72 hours.Virus concentration in nasal and tracheal secretions remains high for 24 to 48 hours after symptoms start and may last longer in children. Titers are usually high and so there are enough infectious virions in a small droplet to start a new infection.
Site of infection
Influenza virus infects the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. The cells die, in part due to the direct effects of the virus on the cell, and also possibly due to the effects of interferon. Cell death at later times may also result from the actions of cytotoxic T-cells. As a result, the efficiency of ciliary clearance is reduced, leading to impaired function of the mucus elevator; thus there is reduced clearance of infectious agents from the respiratory tract. Gaps in the protective epithelium provide other pathogens with access to other cells; however, viremia is very rare.
Recovery
Interferon may play a role by decreasing virus production. Many of the symptoms of uncomplicated influenza (muscle aches, fatigue, fever) are associated with the efficient induction of interferon. The cell-mediated immune response is important in viral clearance. The antibody response is usually not significant until after virus has been cleared. Repair of the respiratory epithelium begins rapidly, but may take some time to complete.
For more details on Influenza Viruses visit us at www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
For information on Books Visit: www.lookbookstores.com
Types of influenza virus
The influenza virus is an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, which comprises the influenzaviruses, Isavirus and Thogotovirus. There are three types of influenza virus: Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B or Influenzavirus C. Influenza A and C infect multiple species, while influenza B almost exclusively infects humans.
The type A viruses are the most virulent human pathogens among the three influenza types and cause the most severe disease. The Influenza A virus can be subdivided into different serotypes based on the antibody response to these viruses.
Influenza B virus is almost exclusively a human pathogen, and is less common than influenza A. The only other animal known to be susceptible to influenza B infection is the seal. This type of influenza mutates at a rate 2-3 times lower than type A and consequently is less genetically diverse, with only one influenza B serotype. As a result of this lack of antigenic diversity, a degree of immunity to influenza B is usually acquired at an early age.
The influenza C virus infects humans and pigs, and can cause severe illness and local epidemics. However, influenza C is less common than the other types and usually seems to cause mild disease in children.
PATHOGENESIS AND DISEASE
Spread
The virus is spread person to person via small particle aerosols (less than 10μm diameter) that can get into respiratory tract. It can also survive for a short time on surfaces and can be spread by this route if the virus is introduced into the nasal mucosa before it loses infectivity. The incubation period is short, about 18 to 72 hours.Virus concentration in nasal and tracheal secretions remains high for 24 to 48 hours after symptoms start and may last longer in children. Titers are usually high and so there are enough infectious virions in a small droplet to start a new infection.
Site of infection
Influenza virus infects the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. The cells die, in part due to the direct effects of the virus on the cell, and also possibly due to the effects of interferon. Cell death at later times may also result from the actions of cytotoxic T-cells. As a result, the efficiency of ciliary clearance is reduced, leading to impaired function of the mucus elevator; thus there is reduced clearance of infectious agents from the respiratory tract. Gaps in the protective epithelium provide other pathogens with access to other cells; however, viremia is very rare.
Recovery
Interferon may play a role by decreasing virus production. Many of the symptoms of uncomplicated influenza (muscle aches, fatigue, fever) are associated with the efficient induction of interferon. The cell-mediated immune response is important in viral clearance. The antibody response is usually not significant until after virus has been cleared. Repair of the respiratory epithelium begins rapidly, but may take some time to complete.
For more details on Influenza Viruses visit us at www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
For information on Books Visit: www.lookbookstores.com
Wednesday, December 20, 2006
LASIK Eye Surgery
LASIK is a surgical procedure intended to reduce a person's dependency on glasses or contact lenses. LASIK stands for Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis and is a procedure that permanently changes the shape of the cornea, the clear covering of the front of the eye, using an excimer laser. A knife, called a microkeratome, is used to cut a flap in the cornea. A hinge is left at one end of this flap. The flap is folded back revealing the stroma, the middlesection of the cornea. Pulses from a computer-controlled laser vaporize a portion of the stroma and the flap is replaced.
The surgery improves the vision in patients who have nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. LASIK surgery usually takes less than one minute per eye. Treatment involves reshaping the cornea - the protruding portion of surface of the eye - to improve vision.
Advantages of LASIK surgery
• The LASIK technique takes less than 30 minutes to perform and is very effective.
• The technical advancements incorporated in the LASIK technique eliminates the clinically significant risks leading to visual impairment after a refractive surgery.
• Most surveys show that 92-98% of people who undergo the surgery are satisfied with the results.
Disadvantages of LASIK surgery
• The LASIK surgery, done on the most sensitive part of the eye and is not reversible.
• Even after a LASIK surgery, a person may require reading glasses during midlife.
• The surgery is usually not covered by insurance policies.
• Additional surgery or ' enhancement' may be required to enjoy the best possible result of a LASIK.
Best Candidate For LASIK
A large percentage of nearsighted, farsighted, and astigmatic patients are potential candidates for LASIK. Patients who are 18 years of age or older, have healthy eyes that are free from retinal problems, corneal scars, and any eye disease are suitable. Along with being medically suitable, the best candidates are people with a lifestyle or occupation in which they are dissatisfied with their contact lenses or glasses. By having an evaluation, examination, and consultation with you, the doctor will be able to determine if you are a good candidate.
After LASIK Surgery
• The moments after a major life-altering event are usually filled with joy, laughter, and camaraderie, but this usually doesn’t happen after surgery. LASIK surgery is no different than any other surgery, but its drawbacks may be a little different than others.
• The results of LASIK surgery are much akin to the results of being pestered by a pet day after day. Instead of the healing of bruises or incisions, LASIK surgery is accompanied by more burning and itching of an area that you are completely unable to scratch or cool. At this point, any touching of the eye could undo everything the surgery just repaired.
• Your vision will be blurry because of the watering and tearing up of your eye, but you cannot under any circumstances touch your eye. The eye may appear dry or bloodshot for several days, if this occurs you should consider taking time off of work. If you experience severe pain from LASIK surgery at any time you should contact your surgeon.
• Within 24-48 hours after your surgery you should have a post-operative exam to make sure everything is healing well. At regular intervals after the LASIK surgery up to six months you should continue seeing your doctor for checkups.
• At the first visit after LASIK surgery your doctor will remove the shield and make sure your eye is responding correctly to the surgery. You will not be able to use contact lenses for sometime to keep from further irritation and you may have to use drops or artificial tears to help with lubricating the eye.
For more details on LASIK visit us at www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
For information on Books visit: www.lookbookstores.com
The surgery improves the vision in patients who have nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. LASIK surgery usually takes less than one minute per eye. Treatment involves reshaping the cornea - the protruding portion of surface of the eye - to improve vision.
Advantages of LASIK surgery
• The LASIK technique takes less than 30 minutes to perform and is very effective.
• The technical advancements incorporated in the LASIK technique eliminates the clinically significant risks leading to visual impairment after a refractive surgery.
• Most surveys show that 92-98% of people who undergo the surgery are satisfied with the results.
Disadvantages of LASIK surgery
• The LASIK surgery, done on the most sensitive part of the eye and is not reversible.
• Even after a LASIK surgery, a person may require reading glasses during midlife.
• The surgery is usually not covered by insurance policies.
• Additional surgery or ' enhancement' may be required to enjoy the best possible result of a LASIK.
Best Candidate For LASIK
A large percentage of nearsighted, farsighted, and astigmatic patients are potential candidates for LASIK. Patients who are 18 years of age or older, have healthy eyes that are free from retinal problems, corneal scars, and any eye disease are suitable. Along with being medically suitable, the best candidates are people with a lifestyle or occupation in which they are dissatisfied with their contact lenses or glasses. By having an evaluation, examination, and consultation with you, the doctor will be able to determine if you are a good candidate.
After LASIK Surgery
• The moments after a major life-altering event are usually filled with joy, laughter, and camaraderie, but this usually doesn’t happen after surgery. LASIK surgery is no different than any other surgery, but its drawbacks may be a little different than others.
• The results of LASIK surgery are much akin to the results of being pestered by a pet day after day. Instead of the healing of bruises or incisions, LASIK surgery is accompanied by more burning and itching of an area that you are completely unable to scratch or cool. At this point, any touching of the eye could undo everything the surgery just repaired.
• Your vision will be blurry because of the watering and tearing up of your eye, but you cannot under any circumstances touch your eye. The eye may appear dry or bloodshot for several days, if this occurs you should consider taking time off of work. If you experience severe pain from LASIK surgery at any time you should contact your surgeon.
• Within 24-48 hours after your surgery you should have a post-operative exam to make sure everything is healing well. At regular intervals after the LASIK surgery up to six months you should continue seeing your doctor for checkups.
• At the first visit after LASIK surgery your doctor will remove the shield and make sure your eye is responding correctly to the surgery. You will not be able to use contact lenses for sometime to keep from further irritation and you may have to use drops or artificial tears to help with lubricating the eye.
For more details on LASIK visit us at www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk
For information on Books visit: www.lookbookstores.com
Saturday, October 14, 2006
What is the Hairstyle?
A style in which hair is cut and arranged. A hairstyle that complements them is fashionable, and that they are happy with. In the United States alone, the salon industry is a $45 billion industry. For the majority of us, having our 4-6 weekly cuts and colors in medium priced salons, the annual salon bill is somewhere between $750 and $2000.
Despite the importance of hairstyles in aiding in the external definition of ourselves, an alarming number of people report having hairstyles they are less than happy with.
If you think you would like a 'short' style', you should bracket and also look at all of the 'very short' and 'medium' styles as the differences are at times slight. Most women finally hack their hair off the same day they file for divorce. Interesting side note don't you think. Long hair is fine and can even look beautiful, just make sure you keep it long for the right reasons and that it makes you look great.
The good news is that there are some steps you can take to make sure that your next hairstyle leaves you feeling more fabulous than freakish. The overwhelming factor you need to consider though is whether a style will suit your face shape.
Hair No More works equally well on men and women; it is safe for use anywhere on the body and it only requires one simple application. It will be absorbed quickly and removed instantaneously. It is backed by our 100% money back guarantee.
What category?
What one person perceives as 'short' varies greatly with another person. Our breakdown is as follow.
Very Short: The weight line of the hair is at or above the ear line.
Short: The cut line is between the ear and the jaw line.
Medium: The weight line is between the jaw and the shoulder.
Long: Below the shoulder.
Funcky: All sizes, shapes and lengths, ranging from the chic to the crazy.
Face Matching: The mathematical rules for selecting a style to match your face are complicated.
Length: Far too many women wear long hair far too late in life. It makes them look older, not younger.
Color: Color should be compatible with your skin tone, and accent your eyes. If there is a red tint to your skin, red hair will not be flattering and does not work well with brown eyes either.
How much time do you have to spend on your hair on a daily basis?
Be honest about this one! There is no point having a stylist give you a hair cut that requires you to spend 45 minutes each morning achieving the desired look if you do not have the time. This question boils down to your lifestyle and you need to consider it carefully before choosing a hairstyle.
How much money do you wish to spend maintaining your hairstyle?
Some high maintenance hairstyles will not only require you to spend large amounts of time styling your own hair, they may also require frequent salon visits. Before you decide on a certain hairstyle, you should calculate the cost of maintaining that style and check whether you can sustain that expenditure.
Effective Hairstyle & care routines for naturally beautiful hair
Taking care of hair is in fact much the same as taking care of skin. An effective hair care discipline involves cleansing, toning and conditioning routines carried out with religious regularity.
For more information on What is the Hairstyle? Visit our http://www.halfvalue.com and http://www.halfvalue.co.uk websites.
Despite the importance of hairstyles in aiding in the external definition of ourselves, an alarming number of people report having hairstyles they are less than happy with.
If you think you would like a 'short' style', you should bracket and also look at all of the 'very short' and 'medium' styles as the differences are at times slight. Most women finally hack their hair off the same day they file for divorce. Interesting side note don't you think. Long hair is fine and can even look beautiful, just make sure you keep it long for the right reasons and that it makes you look great.
The good news is that there are some steps you can take to make sure that your next hairstyle leaves you feeling more fabulous than freakish. The overwhelming factor you need to consider though is whether a style will suit your face shape.
Hair No More works equally well on men and women; it is safe for use anywhere on the body and it only requires one simple application. It will be absorbed quickly and removed instantaneously. It is backed by our 100% money back guarantee.
What category?
What one person perceives as 'short' varies greatly with another person. Our breakdown is as follow.
Very Short: The weight line of the hair is at or above the ear line.
Short: The cut line is between the ear and the jaw line.
Medium: The weight line is between the jaw and the shoulder.
Long: Below the shoulder.
Funcky: All sizes, shapes and lengths, ranging from the chic to the crazy.
Face Matching: The mathematical rules for selecting a style to match your face are complicated.
Length: Far too many women wear long hair far too late in life. It makes them look older, not younger.
Color: Color should be compatible with your skin tone, and accent your eyes. If there is a red tint to your skin, red hair will not be flattering and does not work well with brown eyes either.
How much time do you have to spend on your hair on a daily basis?
Be honest about this one! There is no point having a stylist give you a hair cut that requires you to spend 45 minutes each morning achieving the desired look if you do not have the time. This question boils down to your lifestyle and you need to consider it carefully before choosing a hairstyle.
How much money do you wish to spend maintaining your hairstyle?
Some high maintenance hairstyles will not only require you to spend large amounts of time styling your own hair, they may also require frequent salon visits. Before you decide on a certain hairstyle, you should calculate the cost of maintaining that style and check whether you can sustain that expenditure.
Effective Hairstyle & care routines for naturally beautiful hair
Taking care of hair is in fact much the same as taking care of skin. An effective hair care discipline involves cleansing, toning and conditioning routines carried out with religious regularity.
For more information on What is the Hairstyle? Visit our http://www.halfvalue.com and http://www.halfvalue.co.uk websites.
Friday, October 13, 2006
Importance of health in life
Preventive care is a valuable tool in maintaining good health. By having regular medical check-ups we can often detect problems and take care of them before they become serious enough to be life-threatening.
Extent of continuing physical, emotional, mental, and social ability to cope with one's environment. Good health is harder to define than bad health because it must convey a more positive concept than mere absence of disease, and there is a variable area between health and disease. A person may be in good physical condition but have a cold or be mentally ill. Someone may appear healthy but have a serious condition that is detectable only by physical examination or diagnostic tests or not even by these.
Exercise
Physical exercise is the performance of some activity in order to develop or maintain physical fitness and overall health. It is often directed toward also honing athletic ability or skill. Frequent and regular physical exercise is an important component in the prevention of some of the diseases of affluence such as cancer, heart disease, cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Exercises are generally grouped into three types depending on the overall effect they have on the human body:
Flexibility exercises such as stretching improve the range of motion of muscles and joints.
Aerobic exercises such as walking and running focus on increasing cardiovascular endurance.
Anaerobic exercises such as weight training or sprinting increase short-term muscle strength.
Proper rest and recovery is also as important to health as exercise, otherwise the body exists in a permanently injured state and will not improve or adapt adequately to the exercise.
Health care
Health care or healthcare is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. The organized provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This can include a specific governmental organisation. The National Health Service or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in Shared Care. Before the term "healthcare" became popular, English-speakers referred to medicine or to the health sector and spoke of the treatment and prevention of illness and disease
Health profession
A health profession is a profession in which a person exercises skill or judgment or provides a service related to:
the preservation or improvement of the health of individuals, or
the treatment or care of individuals who are injured, sick, disabled, or infirm
The delivery of modern health care depends on an expanding group of highly trained professionals coming together as an interdisciplinary team. Individuals are called health professionals if they participate in delivery of health care in some way. Thus, it is a rather broad term.
Eating
In general terms, eating is the process of consuming something edible, i.e. food, for the purpose of providing for the nutritional needs of an animal, particularly their energy requirements. All animals must eat other organisms in order to survive: carnivores eat other animals, herbivores eat plants, and omnivores consume a mixture of both.
For more information on Health in life visit at http://www.halfvalue.com and http://www.halfvalue.co.uk websites.
Extent of continuing physical, emotional, mental, and social ability to cope with one's environment. Good health is harder to define than bad health because it must convey a more positive concept than mere absence of disease, and there is a variable area between health and disease. A person may be in good physical condition but have a cold or be mentally ill. Someone may appear healthy but have a serious condition that is detectable only by physical examination or diagnostic tests or not even by these.
Exercise
Physical exercise is the performance of some activity in order to develop or maintain physical fitness and overall health. It is often directed toward also honing athletic ability or skill. Frequent and regular physical exercise is an important component in the prevention of some of the diseases of affluence such as cancer, heart disease, cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Exercises are generally grouped into three types depending on the overall effect they have on the human body:
Flexibility exercises such as stretching improve the range of motion of muscles and joints.
Aerobic exercises such as walking and running focus on increasing cardiovascular endurance.
Anaerobic exercises such as weight training or sprinting increase short-term muscle strength.
Proper rest and recovery is also as important to health as exercise, otherwise the body exists in a permanently injured state and will not improve or adapt adequately to the exercise.
Health care
Health care or healthcare is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. The organized provision of such services may constitute a health care system. This can include a specific governmental organisation. The National Health Service or a cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in Shared Care. Before the term "healthcare" became popular, English-speakers referred to medicine or to the health sector and spoke of the treatment and prevention of illness and disease
Health profession
A health profession is a profession in which a person exercises skill or judgment or provides a service related to:
the preservation or improvement of the health of individuals, or
the treatment or care of individuals who are injured, sick, disabled, or infirm
The delivery of modern health care depends on an expanding group of highly trained professionals coming together as an interdisciplinary team. Individuals are called health professionals if they participate in delivery of health care in some way. Thus, it is a rather broad term.
Eating
In general terms, eating is the process of consuming something edible, i.e. food, for the purpose of providing for the nutritional needs of an animal, particularly their energy requirements. All animals must eat other organisms in order to survive: carnivores eat other animals, herbivores eat plants, and omnivores consume a mixture of both.
For more information on Health in life visit at http://www.halfvalue.com and http://www.halfvalue.co.uk websites.
Wednesday, October 11, 2006
How give the baby a balancing exercise?
"Low carb," "fat free," "high protein"--phrases like these cloak all types of food product packaging. Today's society is so concerned with what's fueling people's bodies that they forget about the other part of the equation--burning that fuel. Does this sound familiar? No matter how many fat-free, low-calorie, sugar-substitute laden treats you consume, the results never seem to add up. Maybe you haven't balanced your calories properly."Calories are the fuel we need to perform," Maj. Maureen Harback said. As the deputy chief of Air Force Health Promotion Operations, she uses a simple analogy to explain the importance of calories to the human body.If you start treating your health as an investment, though; you could find that exercise is a terrific retirement strategy worth its weight in gold. Jumping Beans offers a fun physical skills program for children ages 0 to 8 years in a safe, fun and friendly environment.
From 0 to 8 years your child's brain is undergoing RAPID GROWTH. Eighty per cent of your child's ability to learn is developed during this sensitive period. It is vital that parents provide appropriate and adequate sensory-motor learning.
Physical activity:
Any movement of the body produced by skeletal muscles and resulting in energy expenditure.
Exercise:
A physical activity that is structured planned and is done at a certain intensity level, frequency and duration. Physical activity suggests doing something fun that involves moving. Exercise implies doing something you don't like because it's good for you. If you hate to exercise, think physical activity, and remember, if it's not fun, it's not done.
Will crunches help me lose the fat around my stomach?
You cannot spot reduce fat, except by liposuction! Crunches will tone your abdominal muscles, but you will have the same layer of fat sitting on top of these muscles unless you create a calorie deficit by burning more calories than you consume. Don't look for quick fixes--as we all know, if it sounds to good too be true.
The Benefits of Fitness Walking
Fitness walking gives people purpose to get out and do something, says Cottrill. It improves their health, it improves their blood pressure, they can lose weight, and it just keeps them flexible.
Baby Beans:
Classes for infants from 6 weeks: Learn how to encourage your baby's natural development stages (e.g. "tummy time" and postural control enables your baby to crawl and sit) in a safe and friendly environment. Meet other parents. Join in the fun and learning.
Gym Beans:
Classes for approximately 36 months up: Assist with your pre-schooler's agility, gymnastic skills and fitness. Learn to develop your child's social skills - vital for emotional intelligence, confidence and self-esteem.
What Parent says?
My baby is holding up his head more and enjoying being on his tummy for much longer since joining Baby Beans." Thank you, Jumping Beans, for your informative and thoroughly enjoyable program. I am learning so much about how I can encourage and support my child's physical development and learning. Every parent should have access to this invaluable information.
The Baby Exercise Routine
1) Get a long pillowcase. Buy twenty five pounds of stuffing - buckwheat, couscous, flour, it doesn't matter what as long as it's the right weight.2) Fill the pillowcase with your stuffing. Sew it shut; making sure that the stuffing is equally distributed, more or less. If one end is heavier than the other, label it "head." Label the other side "feet."
Exercise:
Which you should do only after talking with your healthcare provider—can help you maintain your overall health and fitness and increase your feeling of well-being. Regular, moderate exercise can help you manage the physical discomforts sometimes associated with pregnancy and help you recover from pregnancy weight gain. Exercise may also help you manage the labor process and help reduce the stress of delivery for you and your baby.
For more information Baby balancing exercise.
Visit at http://www.halfvalue.com and http://www.halfvalue.co.uk websites.
From 0 to 8 years your child's brain is undergoing RAPID GROWTH. Eighty per cent of your child's ability to learn is developed during this sensitive period. It is vital that parents provide appropriate and adequate sensory-motor learning.
Physical activity:
Any movement of the body produced by skeletal muscles and resulting in energy expenditure.
Exercise:
A physical activity that is structured planned and is done at a certain intensity level, frequency and duration. Physical activity suggests doing something fun that involves moving. Exercise implies doing something you don't like because it's good for you. If you hate to exercise, think physical activity, and remember, if it's not fun, it's not done.
Will crunches help me lose the fat around my stomach?
You cannot spot reduce fat, except by liposuction! Crunches will tone your abdominal muscles, but you will have the same layer of fat sitting on top of these muscles unless you create a calorie deficit by burning more calories than you consume. Don't look for quick fixes--as we all know, if it sounds to good too be true.
The Benefits of Fitness Walking
Fitness walking gives people purpose to get out and do something, says Cottrill. It improves their health, it improves their blood pressure, they can lose weight, and it just keeps them flexible.
Baby Beans:
Classes for infants from 6 weeks: Learn how to encourage your baby's natural development stages (e.g. "tummy time" and postural control enables your baby to crawl and sit) in a safe and friendly environment. Meet other parents. Join in the fun and learning.
Gym Beans:
Classes for approximately 36 months up: Assist with your pre-schooler's agility, gymnastic skills and fitness. Learn to develop your child's social skills - vital for emotional intelligence, confidence and self-esteem.
What Parent says?
My baby is holding up his head more and enjoying being on his tummy for much longer since joining Baby Beans." Thank you, Jumping Beans, for your informative and thoroughly enjoyable program. I am learning so much about how I can encourage and support my child's physical development and learning. Every parent should have access to this invaluable information.
The Baby Exercise Routine
1) Get a long pillowcase. Buy twenty five pounds of stuffing - buckwheat, couscous, flour, it doesn't matter what as long as it's the right weight.2) Fill the pillowcase with your stuffing. Sew it shut; making sure that the stuffing is equally distributed, more or less. If one end is heavier than the other, label it "head." Label the other side "feet."
Exercise:
Which you should do only after talking with your healthcare provider—can help you maintain your overall health and fitness and increase your feeling of well-being. Regular, moderate exercise can help you manage the physical discomforts sometimes associated with pregnancy and help you recover from pregnancy weight gain. Exercise may also help you manage the labor process and help reduce the stress of delivery for you and your baby.
For more information Baby balancing exercise.
Visit at http://www.halfvalue.com and http://www.halfvalue.co.uk websites.
VIAGRA FOR WOMEN
Viagra is the famous sex-boosting drug. It is designed to increase blood flow to the genitals.Thousands of women with sexual problems are also taking the little blue pill. Viagra was approved for use in 1998 and was a breakthrough in the treatment of this disorder in allowing men/women to enjoy normal sexual relations, even though they were suffering from impotence.
Viagra for Women
Viagra may not only be for men. Women who suffer from sexual dysfunction can also benefit from the anti-impotence pill, according to a preliminary study.
From the beginning, Pfizer, which manufactures Viagra, focused on male consumers after male test subjects taking the little blue pill for angina reported an odd side effect -- improved erections. However, Viagra increases blood flow not only to the penis, but also to the clitoris. So why does Pfizer target only men? "It was quite obvious that [treating men] was the first direction to go," says Maryann Caprino, a spokeswoman for Pfizer. "Female sexual dysfunction is far more difficult to measure and far less understood."
Why Viagra?
Viagra may boost sex lives of diabetic women. Diabetes with sexual dysfunction may find that Viagra (sildenafil) improves arousal, orgasm and sexual enjoyment and decreases pain during intercourse, results of a small study suggest. Diabetic women may experience sexual dysfunction due to vaginal dryness, discomfort, and other factors, Dr Salvatore Caruso and associates, from the University of Catania in Italy, note in their paper, published in the medical journal Fertility and Sterility. Some of Viagra's physiologic effects, which are beneficial in men, may also be helpful for women.
Why Not Viagra?
Viagra works well for many men who suffer with impotence or erectile dysfunction because it's considered a physical — rather than an emotional — problem. That's not to say that Viagra can't "restore function" for women, says Dr. Myron Murdoch, clinical instructor of urology at George Washington Medical School. It can, but it's not for all women.
While Viagra-like drugs may help the 20 percent of women reported to have difficulties with lubrication (blood flow to the female genitals increase lubrication), it's unknown to what degree such drugs would help the 43 percent of women with sexual dysfunction who either say they're uninterested in sex or that sex provides little pleasure.
Directions
Follow the directions for using this medicine provided by your doctor. Take this Medicine about 1 hour before sexual activity, although it may be taken from 30 minutes to 4 hours before sexual activity. Store this medicine at room temperature between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C) in a tightly-closed container, away from heat and light.
Caution
• If you take any medicines that have nitrates in them (like nitroglycerin for chest pain) every day or even once in a while—you should NOT take VIAGRA.
• Discuss your general health status with your doctor to ensure that you are healthy enough to engage in sexual activity. If you experience chest pain, nausea, or any other discomforts during sex, seek immediate medical help.
• The most common side effects of VIAGRA are headache, facial flushing, and upset stomach. Less commonly, bluish vision, blurred vision, or sensitivity to light may briefly occur.
• If you are older than age 65, or have serious liver or kidney problems, your doctor may start you at the lowest dose (25 mg) of VIAGRA. If you are taking protease inhibitors, such as for the treatment of HIV, your doctor may recommend a 25-mg dose and may limit you to a maximum single dose of 25 mg of VIAGRA in a 48-hour period.
For more details on Viagra visit us at http://www.halfvalue.com/ and http://www.halfvalue.co.uk/ .
Viagra for Women
Viagra may not only be for men. Women who suffer from sexual dysfunction can also benefit from the anti-impotence pill, according to a preliminary study.
From the beginning, Pfizer, which manufactures Viagra, focused on male consumers after male test subjects taking the little blue pill for angina reported an odd side effect -- improved erections. However, Viagra increases blood flow not only to the penis, but also to the clitoris. So why does Pfizer target only men? "It was quite obvious that [treating men] was the first direction to go," says Maryann Caprino, a spokeswoman for Pfizer. "Female sexual dysfunction is far more difficult to measure and far less understood."
Why Viagra?
Viagra may boost sex lives of diabetic women. Diabetes with sexual dysfunction may find that Viagra (sildenafil) improves arousal, orgasm and sexual enjoyment and decreases pain during intercourse, results of a small study suggest. Diabetic women may experience sexual dysfunction due to vaginal dryness, discomfort, and other factors, Dr Salvatore Caruso and associates, from the University of Catania in Italy, note in their paper, published in the medical journal Fertility and Sterility. Some of Viagra's physiologic effects, which are beneficial in men, may also be helpful for women.
Why Not Viagra?
Viagra works well for many men who suffer with impotence or erectile dysfunction because it's considered a physical — rather than an emotional — problem. That's not to say that Viagra can't "restore function" for women, says Dr. Myron Murdoch, clinical instructor of urology at George Washington Medical School. It can, but it's not for all women.
While Viagra-like drugs may help the 20 percent of women reported to have difficulties with lubrication (blood flow to the female genitals increase lubrication), it's unknown to what degree such drugs would help the 43 percent of women with sexual dysfunction who either say they're uninterested in sex or that sex provides little pleasure.
Directions
Follow the directions for using this medicine provided by your doctor. Take this Medicine about 1 hour before sexual activity, although it may be taken from 30 minutes to 4 hours before sexual activity. Store this medicine at room temperature between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C) in a tightly-closed container, away from heat and light.
Caution
• If you take any medicines that have nitrates in them (like nitroglycerin for chest pain) every day or even once in a while—you should NOT take VIAGRA.
• Discuss your general health status with your doctor to ensure that you are healthy enough to engage in sexual activity. If you experience chest pain, nausea, or any other discomforts during sex, seek immediate medical help.
• The most common side effects of VIAGRA are headache, facial flushing, and upset stomach. Less commonly, bluish vision, blurred vision, or sensitivity to light may briefly occur.
• If you are older than age 65, or have serious liver or kidney problems, your doctor may start you at the lowest dose (25 mg) of VIAGRA. If you are taking protease inhibitors, such as for the treatment of HIV, your doctor may recommend a 25-mg dose and may limit you to a maximum single dose of 25 mg of VIAGRA in a 48-hour period.
For more details on Viagra visit us at http://www.halfvalue.com/ and http://www.halfvalue.co.uk/ .
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